Abstraction is a fundamental concept in computer science, particularly in object-oriented programming (OOP). It involves simplifying complex systems by hiding unnecessary details and exposing only the essential features to the user. This allows users to interact with a system without needing to understand its intricate workings.

In programming, abstraction can be achieved through various means, such as using classes and access specifiers. For instance, members of a class can be declared as public or private, controlling their accessibility. Public members can be accessed from anywhere in the program, while private members are restricted to the class itself. This encapsulation enhances security and promotes code reusability and modularity, making it easier to maintain and update code without affecting the user experience ²³.

Real-life examples of abstraction include using an electric circuit board, where users can operate switches without needing to understand the underlying electrical components ³.

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