An algorithm is a formal process used to solve a problem, typically represented in pseudocode to communicate the steps involved in the solution. Ultimately, algorithms are implemented in programming languages that allow them to manipulate data effectively. They are often evaluated using “Big O notation,” which describes their time complexity, helping to classify them based on how their execution time grows relative to the input size ².

Algorithms can be categorized by their time complexities, such as exponential time, polynomial time, and linear time. For example, a brute-force search is an example of an algorithm with exponential time complexity, while bubble sort has a quadratic time complexity ².

The concept of algorithms has evolved over time, becoming increasingly relevant in various fields beyond computer science, such as algorithmic trading and social media ⁴. They are now integral to many aspects of daily life, demonstrating their pervasive nature in modern society ⁴.