Design patterns in Python are established solutions to common software design challenges, providing a blueprint for structuring code effectively. They enhance code reusability, maintainability, and scalability by offering proven methodologies for addressing various programming problems. Design patterns can be categorized into three main types: creational, structural, and behavioral. Each category serves a specific purpose, such as managing object creation, organizing code structure, or defining communication between objects. By understanding and implementing these patterns, developers can improve their coding practices and create more efficient applications in Python.