Garbage collection in Python is an automatic process that manages memory by cleaning up unused objects, thereby freeing up resources. This is essential in programming, as it helps prevent memory leaks and optimizes performance. In Python, garbage collection primarily relies on two mechanisms: reference counting and a generational garbage collector.

Reference counting keeps track of the number of references to each object in memory. When an object’s reference count drops to zero, meaning it is no longer accessible, the memory occupied by that object can be reclaimed. However, reference counting alone cannot handle circular references, where two or more objects reference each other, preventing their reference counts from reaching zero.

To address this limitation, Python employs a generational garbage collector that periodically identifies and collects objects that are no longer in use, including those involved in circular references. This dual approach ensures efficient memory management and helps maintain optimal performance in Python applications ²⁴³.

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