Python conditionals are fundamental programming constructs that allow developers to control the flow of their code based on specific conditions. By using conditional statements such as if, elif, and else, programmers can execute different blocks of code depending on whether a condition evaluates to true or false. This capability is essential for making decisions within a program, enabling dynamic responses to varying inputs. Additionally, logical operators like and, or, and not can be employed to combine multiple conditions, enhancing the decision-making process. Understanding conditionals is crucial for effective programming in Python and for building robust applications.