Python data structures are essential components that allow programmers to organize, store, and manipulate data efficiently. They provide various ways to manage collections of data, enabling developers to choose the most suitable structure based on their specific needs. The primary data structures in Python include lists, tuples, dictionaries, and sets. Lists are versatile and mutable, allowing for dynamic data manipulation. Tuples are similar but immutable, making them ideal for fixed collections. Dictionaries store key-value pairs for quick data retrieval, while sets offer unique elements for mathematical operations. Understanding these structures is crucial for effective programming in Python.