Probability theory is a branch of mathematics that deals with the analysis of random phenomena. It provides a framework for quantifying uncertainty and making predictions based on incomplete information. The fundamental concepts in probability include random variables, probability distributions, and events.

A random variable is a variable whose value is determined by the outcome of a random process. For example, the result of rolling a die can be represented as a random variable, with its possible values being the numbers 1 through 6. The set of all possible values that a random variable can take is known as its support ².

Probability theory is essential in various fields, including artificial intelligence, statistics, and data science. It underpins many machine learning methods, such as linear regression and Bayesian regression, which rely on probabilistic models to make predictions and infer relationships from data ². Understanding the basics of probability is crucial for anyone looking to delve into these areas, as it helps in managing uncertainty and making informed decisions based on data ¹.