Sampling is a crucial technique in research that involves selecting a subset of individuals or elements from a larger population to draw conclusions about that population. The primary goal of sampling is to obtain a representative sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the entire population, which can help improve the efficiency and accuracy of research findings.

There are two main categories of sampling techniques: probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling involves randomization, ensuring that every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Techniques under this category include simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. In contrast, non-probability sampling does not rely on randomization, and methods such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling, and quota sampling are used based on specific criteria or availability ³⁴.

Understanding the different sampling techniques is essential for researchers to ensure the validity and reliability of their studies ¹².