Sampling is a crucial technique in research that involves selecting a subset of individuals or elements from a larger population to draw conclusions about that population. The primary goal of sampling is to obtain a representative sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the entire population, which can enhance the validity and reliability of research findings.

There are two main categories of sampling techniques: probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling involves randomization, ensuring that every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. This category includes methods such as simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. For instance, in simple random sampling, every individual has an equal chance of selection, which is useful when there is no prior information about the population ³.

On the other hand, non-probability sampling does not rely on randomization. Techniques in this category include convenience sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling, and referral/snowball sampling. These methods are often used when the availability of samples is limited or when specific characteristics are needed for the study ³.